Publications

2026

Journal article

Retrieval-augmented generation in dentistry: Potentials, applications, and future directions

Firoozi, T., Adabdokht, R., & Lai, H. (2026).

Frontiers in Dental Medicine, 6, 1760990.

Book chapter

Rapid item generation and the revolutionary impact of generative AI

Swygert, K., Firoozi, T., & Gierl, M. (2026).

In X. Xiong, M. D. Shermis, & J. Xiong (Eds.), The role of AI in assessment: Revolutionizing education (pp. 162–185). Routledge.

2025

Journal article

Monitoring competency-based medical education uptake: Analysis of entrustable professional activity submission, expiration, and assessment scores

Firoozi, T., Oswald, A., Hamza, D. M., & Lai, H. (2025).

Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 17(5), 648–651.

Conference proceeding

An augmented intelligence system for automated quality control and feedback generation of multiple-choice test items

Firoozi, T., Daniels, L., Daniels, V., & Gierl, M. (2025).

In A. I. Cristea, E. Walker, Y. Lu, O. C. Santos, & S. Isotani (Eds.), Artificial intelligence in education (Communications in Computer and Information Science, Vol. 2592). Springer.

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PreprintPreprint

Multiple-choice item-writing guidelines for classroom assessment: A state-of-the-art review and use-inspired reframing

Daniels, L., Daniels, V., Firoozi, T., & Gierl, M. (2025).

PsyArXiv.

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PreprintPreprint

Generating testlets to measure clinical reasoning skills in medicine

Turner, S., Firoozi, T., Lai, H., & Gierl, M. (2025).

PsyArXiv.

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PreprintPreprint

Using a rule-based system to identify flawed multiple-choice items

Firoozi, T., Daniels, L., Daniels, V., & Gierl, M. (2025).

PsyArXiv.

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Book chapter

Neural semantic video analysis

Mohammadi, H., Firoozi, T., & Gierl, M. J. (2025).

In M. Khosrow-Pour (Ed.), Encyclopedia of organizational knowledge, administration, and technologies (6th ed., pp. 1–15). IGI Global.

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Conference proceeding

Banking strategies and software solutions for generated test items

Firoozi, T., & Gierl, M. (2025).

In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer Supported Education (CSEDU 2025) (Vol. 1, pp. 779–784).

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Journal article

Using automated procedures to score educational essays written in three languages

Firoozi, T., Mohammadi, H., & Gierl, M. J. (2025).

Journal of Educational Measurement, 62(1), 33–56.

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2024

Journal article

Classification of periodontitis stage and grade using natural language processing techniques

Ameli, N., Firoozi, T., Gibson, M., & Lai, H. (2024).

PLOS Digital Health, 3(12), e0000692.

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Book chapter

Scoring multilingual essays using transformer-based models

Firoozi, T., & Gierl, M. J. (2024).

In M. Shermis & J. Wilson (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook of automated essay evaluation (pp. 55–77). Routledge.

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Conference proceeding

A method for generating testlets

Gierl, M. J., & Firoozi, T. (2024).

In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computer Supported Education (CSEDU 2024) (Vol. 1, pp. 799–806).

2023

Journal article

Language models in automated essay scoring: Insights for the Turkish language

Firoozi, T., Bulut, O., & Gierl, M. (2023).

International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 10, 149–163.

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PreprintPreprint

Text as environment: A deep reinforcement learning text readability assessment model

Mohammadi, H., Khasteh, S. H., Firoozi, T., & Samavati, T. (2023).

arXiv.

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Book chapter

Automatic item generation

Gierl, M., Shin, J., & Firoozi, T. (2023).

In R. Tierney, F. Rizvi, & K. Ercikan (Eds.), International encyclopedia of education (4th ed., pp. 193–200). Elsevier.

PreprintPreprint

Reinforcement learning-based mixture of vision transformers for video violence recognition

Mohammadi, H., Nazerfard, E., & Firoozi, T. (2023).

arXiv.

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2022

Journal article

Using active learning methods to strategically select essays for automated scoring

Firoozi, T., Mohammadi, H., & Gierl, M. (2022).

Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 41, 34–43.

Journal article

The effect of fine-tuned word embedding techniques on the accuracy of automated essay scoring systems using neural networks

Firoozi, T., Bulut, O., Demmans Epp, C., Naeimabadi, A., & Barbosa, D. (2022).

Journal of Applied Testing Technology, 23, 21–29.

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Journal article

Teachers’ conceptions of fairness in classroom assessment: An empirical study

Rasooli, A., Rasegh, A., Zandi, H., & Firoozi, T. (2022).

Journal of Teacher Education, 74, 260–273.

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Journal article

Teachers’ conceptions of classroom justice: An empirical study

Rasegh, A., Zandi, H., Firoozi, T., & Rasooli, A. (2022).

Social Psychology of Education, 26, 1–24.

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Journal article

Using content coding and automatic item generation to improve test security

Gierl, M. J., Shin, J., Firoozi, T., & Lai, H. (2022).

Frontiers in Education, 7, Article 853578.

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Conference proceeding

Complex learning environments: Tensions in student perspectives that indicate competing values

Cai, M., Demmans Epp, C., & Firoozi, T. (2022).

In M. Rodrigo, N. Matsuda, A. Cristea, & V. Dimitrova (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (pp. 144–150). Springer.

2021

Journal article

The safety-oriented personality style or phobicentric psychopathology: A cross-national replication study

Bickersteth, P., Rudwan, S. J., Shojaee, M., & Firoozi, T. (2021).

Psychology, 12, 1341–1363.

2019

Journal article

The language assessment literacy needs of Iranian EFL teachers with a focus on reformed assessment policies

Firoozi, T., Razavipour, K., & Ahmadi, A. (2019).

Language Testing in Asia, 9, 23–37.

Book chapter

Placement decisions in private language schools in Iran

Razavipour, K., & Firoozi, T. (2019).

In B. Lanteigne, C. Coombe, & J. D. Brown (Eds.), Issues in language testing around the world: Insights for language test users (pp. 267–285). Springer Education & Language.

Journal article

Investigating gender and major DIF in the Iranian National University Entrance Exam using multiple-indicators multiple-causes structural equation modeling

Ravand, H., Firoozi, T., & Rohani, G. (2019).

Issues in Language Teaching, 8, 33–61.

2016

Journal article

Examining construct validity of the master’s UEE using the Rasch model and the six aspects of Messick’s framework

Ravand, H., & Firoozi, T. (2016).

International Journal of Language Testing, 6, 12–25.

2014

Journal article

How the knowledge base in language assessment is measured: A reverse engineering approach

Razavipour, K., & Firoozi, T. (2014).

Humanising Language Teaching, 16, 36–45.

In press

Journal articleIn press

Improving automatic essay score classification accuracy with low-resource multilingual languages using data augmentation

Firoozi, T., Mohammadi, H., Abroampah, D., & Gierl, M. (In press).

International Journal of Testing.

Journal articleIn press

Predicting academic success from English proficiency tests: Machine learning insights into IELTS, TOEFL, and Duolingo English Test

Firoozi, T., Yousefpoori-Naeim, M., Younes, M., & ElAtia, S. (In press).

Journal of Second Language Studies.

Book chapterIn press

Template-based automatic item generation

Firoozi, T., Abroampah, D., & Gierl, M. (In press).

In S. G. Huber (Ed.), International handbook of evaluation and assessment in education. Springer.

Book chapterIn press

Automated essay scoring

Firoozi, T., Shermis, M., & Gierl, M. (In press).

In S. Sinharay (Ed.), Encyclopedia of measurement in social sciences (2nd ed.). Elsevier.

Journal articleIn press

Diagnostic grammar assessment in second language writing using prompt-engineered large language models

Abroampah, D., Firoozi, T., & Gierl, M. (In press).

Journal of Second Language Studies.

Book chapterIn press

Test review: Math Goals 2

Gierl, M. J., & Firoozi, T. (In press).

In J. F. Carlson, K. F. Geisinger, & J. L. Jonson (Eds.), The twenty-second mental measurements yearbook. Buros Institute.

Work in progress

Submitted manuscripts

These manuscripts are not listed as accepted publications. A preprint and a submitted manuscript may represent different versions of the same work.

ManuscriptUnder review

Automating personal activity record scoring in dental school admissions: A human-in-the-loop machine learning approach

Firoozi, T., Patterson, S., Compton, S., & Lai, H. (2026).

Manuscript under review.

ManuscriptUnder review

Automating QuAL scoring of entrustable professional activity narrative feedback across residency programs: A locally deployed natural language processing model

Firoozi, T., Oswald, A., Hamza, D. M., Strand, A. C., & Lai, H. (2026).

Manuscript under review.

ManuscriptSubmitted

Generating testlets to measure clinical reasoning skills in medicine

Turner, S., Firoozi, T., Lai, H., & Gierl, M. (2026).

Manuscript submitted for publication.

ManuscriptUnder review

Applying a multimodal foundational model to assess children’s dental anxiety: A validation study

Adabdokht, R., Firoozi, T., Shahrokhi Sardoo, M., Kamran, S., & Lai, H. (2026).

Manuscript under review.